PROBLEMS OF BIOTIC AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS HIGHLANDS
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1504.668
Abstract
Introduction. The highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians belong to the territories with the highest concentration of rare species and coenotic diversity in Ukraine. Due to highland ecosystem transformation, a large number of populations and communities of rare species are under the threat of degradation and elimination.
Climate change. At present, effective growth and development of plants begins 2–3 weeks earlier compared to the 1980–90s. Sharp seasonal distribution of precipitation causes negative changes in the highland water-body hydrology regime affecting freshwater populations of plankton crustaceans and amphibians.
Demutative successions. During the first 10–20 years of the succession its influence on the structure and vitality of the majority of rare species populations is mostly positive, but 30–40 year-long demutations usually cause negative dynamics. Overgrowing results in the simplification of spatial structure and fragmentation, as well as decreasing of population density, disappearing of rare species from the community structure. Active protection measures should be locally implemented in protected territories: traditional type of grazing, mowing, and shrub or tree cutting in the cases of protection of extremely rare phytocoenoses and populations.
Anthropogenic impact. Intensive recreation pressure causes digressive changes in numerous communities, which are located along the popular tourist paths to the glacial lakes, mountain summits etc. Unfortunately, the systematic violation of the protection regime in the highland zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians is obvious nowadays. Gathering medicinal and ornamental species poses a serious threat. Uncontrolled increase in the number of recreants in the highland areas for the last 5 years has destroyed its aquatic ecosystems more than in the previous 30–40 years. Usage of vehicles for recreation purposes (4×4, quads and motorcycles) refers to significant destructive factors for highland ecosystems.
Protection measures. Population conservation and revival of communities is usually possible under the condition of moderate and short-term anthropogenic pressure. The visiting regime of the most popular highland sites must be put under control immediately, while mass ascensions must be completely forbidden.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
| Akimov, I. A. (Ed.). (2009). Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Tvarynnyi svit [Red Data Book of Ukraine. Animals]. Kyiv: Globalconsulting. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Alberton, M., Andresen, M., Citadino, F., Egerer, H., Fritsch, U., Götsch, H., Hoffmann, C., Klemm, J., Mitrofanenko, A., Musco, E., Noellenburg, N., Pettita, M., Renner, K., & Zebisch, M. (2017). Outlook on climate change adaptation in the Carpathian mountains. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10863/7502 Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Angelstam, P., Elbakidze, M., Axelsson, R., Čupa, P., Halada, L., Molnar, Z., Pătru-Stupariu, I., Perzanowski, K., Rozulowicz, L., Standovar, T., Svoboda, M., & Törnblom, J. (2013). Maintaining cultural and natural biodiversity in the Carpathian Mountain ecoregion: need for an integrated landscape approach. In J. Kozak, K. Ostapowicz, A. Bytnerowicz, B. Wyżga (Eds.), The Carpathians: Integrating nature and society towards sustainability (pp. 393-424). Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, 393-424. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12725-0_28 Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Didukh, Y. P. (Ed.). (2009). Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Roslynnyi svit [Red Data Book of Ukraine. Plants]. Kyiv: Globalconsulting. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Holubets, M. A., & Tsaryk, Y. V. (Eds.). (2004). Vnutrishnopopuliatsiina riznomanitnist ridkisnykh, endemichnykh i reliktovykh vydiv roslyn Ukrainskykh Karpat [Intra-population diversity of rare, endemic and relic plant species of the Ukrainian Carpathians]. Lviv: Polly. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kiesel, J., Gericke, A., Rathjens, H., Wetzig, A., Kakouei, K., Jähnig, S. C., & Fohrer, N. (2019). Climate change impacts on ecologically relevant hydrological indicators in three catchments in three European ecoregions. Ecological Engineering, 127, 404-416. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.12.019 Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kobiv, Y. (2009). Global climate change as a threat to the species biodiversity in the high-mountain zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 66(4), 451-465. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kobiv, Y. (2017). Response of rare alpine plant species to climate change in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Folia Geobotanica, 52(2), 217-226. doi:10.1007/s12224-016-9270-z Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V. (2004). Dispersal of Plants in Remote Arctic-Alpine Habitats. Modes and Time-Scales for Colonization. In S. Skreslet (Ed.), Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus (pp. 195-206). Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2957-8_18 Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V. (Ed.). (2018). Zminy struktury populiatsii ridkisnykh vydiv vysokohiria Ukrainskykh Karpat i problemy yikh zberezhennia [Changes in population structure of rare species in the high-mountain zone of the Carpathians and problems of their conservation]. Lviv: NNVK "ATB". [In Ukrainian] | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V. H. (2013). Mali populiatsii ridkisnykh vydiv roslyn vysokohiria Ukrainskykh Karpat [Small populations of rare plant species in the highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians]. Lviv: Liga-Press. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V. H., & Bilonoha, V. M. (2016). Current structural changes in plant populations in the upper part of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, 32, 39-48. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V. H., Bilonoha, V. M., Dmytrakh, R. I., Gynda, L. V., Nesteruk, Y. Y., & Shtupun, V. P. (2015). Trends in plant population pattern changes under natural and man-induced ecosystem transformations of the high mountain zone in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Studia Biologica, 9(2), 169-180. doi:10.30970/sbi.0902.431 Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V., Kobiv, Y., Zhilyaev, G., Bilonoha, V., Dmytrakh, R., Mykitchak, T., Reshetylo, O., Kobiv, V., Nesteruk, Y., Shtupun, V., & Gynda, L. (2019). Changes in population structure of rare species in the high-mountain zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians and problems of their conservation. Acta Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis, 19(1), 77-85. Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Kyyak, V., Shtupun, V., & Bilonoha, V. (2016). Climatic threats to population of rare and endemic plants in upper part of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, 74, 104-115. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Malynovskyi, K. A., Kyyak, V. H., & Bilonoha, V. M. (2004). Ecological niche in the natural and man-modified phytocenosis. Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, 19, 83-96. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Mykitchak, T. (2016). Cladocera and Copepoda crustaceans of the Svydivets massif (Ukrainian Carpathians). Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, 72, 149-160. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Mykitchak, T. (Ed.). (2014). Ekosystemy lentychnykh vodoim Chornohory (Ukrainski Karpaty) [Ecosystems of lenthic water bodies of Chornohora massif (Ukrainian Carpathians)]. Lviv: ZUKC. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Mykitchak, T. I. (2017). Transformation of ecosystems glacial lakes in Ukrainian Carpathians. Ecology and Noospherology, 28(3-4), 28-36. doi:10.15421/031713 [In Ukrainian] Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Reshetylo, O. (2013). The mechanisms of amphibian populations' self-renewal in the high-mountains of Ukrainian Carpathians. Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, 62, 152-159. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Sobala, M. (2020). Mountain Meadows and Glades of the Carpathians - Type or Element of Landscape? The Problem of Delimitation and Typology of Mountain Pasture Landscapes. Sustainability, 12(9), 3707. doi:10.3390/su12093707 Crossref ● Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Tsaryk, Y. (Ed.). (2009a). Zberezhennia biotychnoho riznomanittia u vysokohiri Ukrainskykh Karpat. Naukovi rekomendatsii [Conservation of biodiversity in highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Scientific recommendations]. Lviv: Merkator. [In Ukrainian] | ||||
| ||||
| Tsaryk, Y. V. (Ed.). (2009b). Zhyttiezdatnist populiatsii roslyn vysokohiria Ukrainskykh Karpat [Viability of plant populations in the high-mountains of the Ukrainian Carpathians]. Lviv: Merkator. [In Ukrainian] | ||||
| ||||
| Tsaryk, Y. (Ed.) (2014). Mekhanizmy samovidnovlennia populiatsii [The mechanisms of self-renewal of populations]. Lviv: Spolom. [In Ukrainian] | ||||
| ||||
| Tsaryk, Y. (Ed.). (2016). Faktory zahroz bioriznomanittiu zapovidnykh terytoriy Ukrainskykh Karpat, Roztochia ta Zakhidnoho Polissia [Biodiversity threat factors on the protected territories of the Ukrainian Carpathians, Roztochia and Western Polissia]. Lviv: Spolom. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Tsaryk, Y., Kyyak, V., Dmytrakh, R., & Bilonoha, V. (2004). Generative reproduction of plant populations in high-mountains of the Carpathians as their viability indicator. Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, 36, 50-56. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
| ||||
| Voloshchuk, M. (2016). The grassland changes of under the influence of traditional economy in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, 72, 101-109. [In Ukrainian] Google Scholar | ||||
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 V. Kyyak, T. Mykitchak, O. Reshetylo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.