MODERN CONCEPTS OF ECOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION OF ORCHIDACEAE JUSS. FAMILY

L. I. Buyun


DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.0501.137

Abstract


The review provides the results of publications devoted to ecological characteristics of orchids, particularly to epiphytism, structural and functional adaptations related with this life form, as well as to relationship of orchids with mycorrhizal fungi. Elucidation of this subject is a theoretical background for interpretation of the results of orchids investigation under glasshouse conditions aimed at ex situ conservation.


Keywords


Orchidaceae, ecological specialization, epiphytism, life history strategies, adaptation, ecological niche

References


1. Аверьянов Л.В. Происхождение и некоторые особенности эволюции, биологии и экологии орхидных. Ботанический журнал, 1991; 76(1): 1345-1358.

2. Коломейцева Г.Л. Морфоэкологические особенности адаптации тропических орхидных при интродукции. Автореф. дис. … д-ра биол. наук. Москва, 2006. 38 с.

3. Мазуренко М.Т., Хохряков А.П. Бриофилы - своеобразная экологическая группа растений. Бюлл. МОИП. Отд. биологии, 1989; 94(4): 64-73.

4. Татаренко И.В. Биоморфология орхидных (Orchidaceae Juss.) России и Японии. Автореф. дис. … д-ра биол. наук. Москва, 2007. 50 с.

5. Черевченко Т.М., Буюн Л.І., Ковальська Л.А. Запилювальні стратегії у орхідних (Orchidaceae Juss.). Укр. ботан. журн, 2010; 5: 637-649.

6. Acheampong K., Frimpong K.O. Use of sodium chloride to control epiphytes on cocoa in Ghana. Tropical Science, 2004; 44(1): 51-53.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ts.133

7. Ackerman J.D. Invasive orchids: weeds we hate to love? Lankesteriana, 2007; 7(1-2): 19-21.
https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v7i1-2.18386

8. Ackerman J.D., Sabat A., Zimmerman J.K. Seedling establishment in an epiphytic orchid: an experimental study of seed limitation. Oecologia, 1996; 106(2): 192-198.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328598
PMid:28307643

9. Arditti J., Ghani A.K.A. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytol, 2000; 145: 367-421.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00587.x

10. Atwood J.T. The size of the Orchidaceae and the systematic distribution of epiphytic orchids. Selbyana, 1986; 9: 171-186.

11. Averyanov L.V., Nguyen Tien Hiep, Phan Ke Loc, Averyanova A.L. Preliminary orchid checklist of Cao Bang Province. Lindleyana, 2000; 15(3): 130-164.

12. Averyanov L., Cribb Ph., Phan Ke Lock, Nguyen Tien Hiep. Slipper Orchids of Vietnam. With an introduction to the flora of Vietnam. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 2003. 308 p.

13. Batty A.L., Dixon K.W., Brundrett M.C. et al. Long-term storage of mycorrhizal fungi and seed as a tool for the conservation of endangered Western Australian terrestrial orchids. Aust. J. Bot, 2001; 49: 619-628.
https://doi.org/10.1071/BT01029

14. Benzing D.H. Vascular epiphytes: general biology and related biota. Cambridge University Press, 1990. 359 p.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525438
PMCid:PMC1971814

15. Benzing D.H. Vascular epiphytism: taxonomic participation and adaptive diversity. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard, 1987; 74(2): 182-204.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2399394

16. Bergstrom B.J., Carter R. Host-tree Selection by an Epiphytic Orchid, Epidendrum magnoliae Muhl. (Green Fly Orchid), in an Inland Hardwood Hammock in Georgia. Southeastern Naturalist, 2008; 7(4): 571-580.
https://doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092-7.4.571

17. Bidartondo M.I. The evolution of myco-heterotrophy. New Phytol, 2005; 167: 335-352.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01429.x
PMid:15998389

18. Bonnardeaux Y., Brundett M., Batty A. et al. Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids: compatibility webs, brief encounters, lasting relationships and alien invasion. Mycological Research, 2007; III: 51-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.11.006
PMid:17289365

19. Bougoure J.J., Brundrett M.C., Grierson P.F. Carbon and nitrogen supply to the underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri. New Phytol, 2010; 186(4): 947-956.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03246.x
PMid:20353419

20. Bussmann R.W. Epiphyte diversity in a tropical Andean forest - Reserva biológica San Francisco, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. Ecotropica, 2002; 7: 43-59.

21. Callaway R.M., Reinhart K.O., Moore G.W. et al. Epiphyte host preferences and host traits: mechanisms for species-specific interactions. Oecologia, 2002; 132(2): 221-230.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0943-3
PMid:28547355

22. Cameron K.M. Leave it to the leaves: a molecular phylogenetic study of Malaxideae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot, 2005; 92: 1025-1032.
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.6.1025
PMid:21652487

23. Chase M.W. Obligate twig epiphytes: a distinct subset of Neotropical orchidaceous epiphytes. Selbyana, 1988; 10: 24-30.

24. Chase M.W., Hanson L., Albert V.A. et al. Life history and genome size in subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot, 2005; 95: 191-199.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci012
PMid:15596466 PMCid:PMC4246717

25. Cribb Ph., Roberts D., Hermans J. Distribution, ecology, and threat to selected Madagascan Orchids. Selbyana, 2005; 26(1-2): 125-135.

26. Currah R.S., Zelmer C.D., Hambleton S., Richardson K.A. Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas. In: Arditti J., Pridgeon A. (eds) Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, 1997; 117-170.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2498-2_4

27. Dejean A., Durou S., Olmsted I. et al. Nest site selection by ants in a flooded Mexican mangrove, with special reference to the epiphytic orchid Myrmecophila christinae. J. Trop. Ecol, 2003; 19: 325-331.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467403003353

28. Dressler R.L. Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press, 1993. 278 p.

29. Dressler R.L. How many orchid species? Selbyana, 2005; 26(1-2): 155-158.

30. Gentry A.H., Dodson C.H. Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Ann. Missouri Botan. Gard, 1987; 74(2): 205-233.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2399395

31. Girlanda M., Selosse M.A., Cafasso D. et al. Inefficient photosynthesis in the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum is mirrored by specific association to ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae. Molecular Ecology, 2006; 15: 491-504.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02770.x
PMid:16448415

32. Global compendium of weeds (www.hear.org/gcw/index.html, accessed 04 April 2011).

33. Gravendeel B., Smithson A., Slik F.J.W., Schuiteman A. Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: drivers for orchid diversity? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 2004; 359: 1523-1535.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1529
PMid:15519970 PMCid:PMC1693444

34. Fay M.F., Chase M.W. Orchid biology: from Linneus via Darwin to the 21st century. Ann. Bot, 2009; 104: 359-364.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp190
PMid:19654223 PMCid:PMC2720656

35. Flores-Palacios A., García-Franko J.G. The relationship between tree size and epiphyte species richness: testing four different hypotheses. J. Biogeogr, 2006; 33(2): 323-330.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01382.x

36. Hadley G., Purves S. Movement of 14C from host to fungus in orchid mycorrhiza. New Phytol, 1974; 73: 475-482.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1974.tb02126.x

37. Helbsing S. M., Reiderer G., Zotz G. Cuticles of vascular epiphytes: efficient barriers for water loss after stomatal closure? Ann. Bot, 2000; 86: 765-769.
https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1239

38. Hietz P. Diversity and Conservation of Epiphytes in a Changing Environment. Pure Appl. Chem, 1998; 70(11):
http://www.iupac.org/symposia/proceedings/phuket98/hietz.html

39. Ingram S.C., Nadkarni N.M. Composition and distribution of epiphytic organic-matter in Neotropical cloud forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 1993; 25(4): 370-383.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2388861

40. Johansson D.R. Ecology of vascular epiphytes in West African rain forest. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec, 1974; 59: 1-136.

41. Kersten R.A., Silva S.M. The floristic compositions of vascular epiphytes of a seasonally inundated forest on the coastal plain of Ilha do Mel Islands, Brazil. Rev. Biol. Trop, 2006; 54(30): 935-942.
https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v54i3.13691

42. Köster N., Friedrich K., Nieder J., Barthlott W. Conservation of Epiphyte Diversity in an Andean Landscape Transformed by Human Land Use. Conservation Biology, 2009; 23(3): 911-919.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01164.x
PMid:19210304

43. Lasica P., Antibus R.K. The occurrence of mycorrhizae in vascular epiphytes of two Costa Rican Rain Forests. Biotropica, 1990; 22(3): 250-258.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2388535

44. Laube S., Zotz G. Neither Host-specific nor Random: Vascular Epiphytes on Three Tree Species in a Panamanian Lowland Forest. Ann. Bot, 2006a; 97(6): 1103-1114.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl067
PMid:16574691 PMCid:PMC2803392

45. Leake J. Plant parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the 'saprophytic' plant myth. Mycologist, 2005; 19(3): 113-122.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269-915X(05)00304-6

46. Lehnebach C.A., Robertson A.W. Pollination ecology of four epiphytic orchids of New Zealand. Ann. Bot, 2004; 93: 773-781.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch097
PMid:15113741 PMCid:PMC4242302

47. Lorenzo N., Mantuano D.G., Mantovani A. Comparative leaf ecophysiology and anatomy of seedlings, young and adult individuals of the aroid Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. Environ. Experiment. Bot, 2010; 68(3): 314-322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.11.011

48. Matelson T.J., Nadkarni N.M., Longino J.T. Longevity of fallen epiphytes. In: Monteverde: ecology and conservation of a tropical cloud forest (Eds Nadkarni N., Wheelwright N.T.). Oxford University Press, 2000; 344-350.

49. Merwin M.C., Rentmeester S.A., Nadkarni N.M. The Influence of Host Tree Species on the Distribution of Epiphytic Bromeliads in Experimental Monospecific Plantations, La Selva, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 2003; 35(1): 37-47.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00260.x

50. Migenis, L.E., Ackerman J.D. Orchid-phorophyte relationships in a forest watershed in Puerto Rico. J. Trop. Ecol, 1993; 9(2): 231-240.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400007227

51. Mondragon D., Calvo-Irabien L.M. Seed dispersal and germination of the epiphyte Tillandsia brachycaulos (Bromeliaceae) in a tropical dry forest, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 2006; 51(4): 462-470.
https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[462:SDAGOT]2.0.CO;2

52. Monteiro S. H. N., Selbach-Schnadelbach A., de Oliveira R. P., van den Berg C. Molecular phylogenetics of Galeandra (Orchidaceae: Catasetinae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. Syst. Bot, 2010; 35(3): 476-486.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364410792495944

53. Murren C.J., Ellison A.M. Seed dispersal of Brassavola nodosa (Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot, 1998; 85(5): 675-680.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2446537

54. Nadkarni L.B., North M.P. Spatial distribution and succession of epiphytes on Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Canadian J. Bot, 2000; 78(7): 957-968.
https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-78-7-957

55. Neiland M.R., Wilcock C.C. Fruit-set, nectar reward and rarity in the Orchidaceae. Amer. J. Bot, 1998; 85(12): 1657-1671.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2446499

56. Nieder J. Distribution patterns of epiphytic orchids - present research, past causes and future consequences. Proc. Eur. Orchid Conf. and Show (eds Hermans J. & Cribb P.). London: The British Orchid Council and the Royal Horticultural Society, 2003: 241-258.

57. Nieder J., Engwald M., Klawun M., Barthlott W. Spatial distribution of vascular epiphytes in a lowland Amаzonian forest in southern Venezuela. Biotropica, 2000; 32: 385-396.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00485.x

58. Neyland R., Urbatsch L.E. A terrestrial origin for the Orchidaceae suggested by a phylogeny inferred from ndhF chloroplast gene sequences. Lindleyana, 1995; 10: 244-251.

59. O'Maley K. Patterns of abundance and diversity in epiphytic orchids of Parashorea malaanonan trees in Danun Valley, Sabah. The Plymouth Student Scientist, 2009; 2(2): 38-58.

60. Ossenbach C. Orchids and orchidology in Central America. 500 years of history. Lankesteriana, 2009; 9(1-2): 1-268.

61. Otero J.T., Aragón S., Ackerman J.D. Site Variation in Spatial Aggregation and Phorophyte Preference in Psychilis monensis (Orchidaceae). Biotropica, 2007; 39(2): 227-231.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00258.x

62. Pereira O.L., Kasuya M.C.M., Borges A.C. et al. Morphological and molecular characterization of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from neotropical orchids in Brazil. Can. J. Bot, 2005; 83(1): 54-65.
https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-151

63. Porembski S. Epiphytic orchids on arborescent Velloziaceae and Cyperaceae: Extremes of phorophyte specialization. Nord. J. Bot, 2005; 23: 505-513.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00424.x

64. Porembski S. Tropical inselbergs: habitat types, adaptive strategies and diversity patterns. Rev. Bras. Bot, 2007; 30(4).
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042007000400004

65. Pridgeon A.M., Cribb P.J., Chase M.W., Rasmussen F.N. (eds.) Genera Orchidacearum. V. 1. General Introduction, Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 169 p.

66. Rasmussen H.N. Recent development in the study of orchid mycorrhizas. Plant and Soil, 2002; 244: 149-163.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020246715436

67. Rasmussen H.N., Rasmussen F.N. Trophic relationships in orchid mycorrhiza - diversity and implications for conservation. Lankesteriana, 2007; 7(1-2): 11-12.
https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v7i1-2.19560

68. Rico-Gray V., Thien L.B. Effect of different ant species on reproductive fitness of Schomburgkia tibicinis (Orchidaceae). Oecologia, 1989; 81: 487-489.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378956
PMid:28312641

69. Robinson H., Burns-Balogh P. Evidence for a primitively habit in Orchidaceae. Syst. Bot, 1982; 7: 353-358.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2418670

70. Rudolph D., Rauer G., Nieder J., Barthlott W. Distribution patterns of epiphytes in the canopy and phorophyte characteristics in a western Andean rain forest in Ecuador. Selbyana, 1998; 19(1): 27-33.

71. Scheffknecht S., Winkler M., Hülber K. et al. Seedling establishment of epiphytic orchids in forest and coffee plantations in Central Veracruz, Mexico. Journ. Trop. Ecol, 2010; 26: 93-102.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467409990332

72. Selosse M.A., Faccio A., Scappaticci G., Bongante P. Chlorophyllous and achloropyllous specimens of Epipactis microphylla (Neottieae, Orchidaceae) are associated with ectomycorrhizal septomycetes, including truffles. Microb. Ecology, 2004; 47: 416-426.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-2034-3
PMid:15107957

73. Sillett S.C., Bailey M.G. Effects of tree crown structure on biomass of the epiphytic fern Polypodium scouleri (Polypodiaceae) in redwood forests. Amer. J. Bot, 2003; 90: 255-261.
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.2.255
PMid:21659116

74. Smith S.E. Carbohydrate translocation in orchid mycorrhizas. New Phytol, 1967; 154: 371-378.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb06016.x

75. Solis-Montero L., Flores-Palacios A., Cruz-Angon A. Shade-Coffee Plantations as Refuges for Tropical Wild Orchids in Central Veracruz, Mexico. Conserv. Biol, 2005; 19(3): 908-916.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00482.x

76. Sun M. Genetic Diversity in Three Colonizing Orchids with Contrasting Mating Systems. Amer. J. Bot, 1997; 84(2): 224-232.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2446084
PMid:21712202

77. Swarts N.D., Dixon K.W. Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction. Ann. Bot, 2009; 104(3): 543-556.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp025
PMid:19218582 PMCid:PMC2720663

78. Tatarenko I.V., Kondo K. A population study in epiphytic Sarcochilus japonicus (Orchidaceae). J. Phytogeogr. Taxonomy, 2003; 51: 27-38.

79. Taylor D.L., Bruns T.D., Szaro T.M., Hodges S.A. Divergence in mycorrhizal specialization with Hexalectris spicata (Orchidaceae), a nonphotosynthetic desert orchid. Amer. J. Bot, 2003; 90: 1168-1179.
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.8.1168
PMid:21659217

80. ter Steege H., Cornelissen J.H.C. Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rain forest of Guayana. Biotropica, 1989; 214: 331-339.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2388283

81. Trapnell D.W., Hamrick J.L. Variety of phorophyte species colonized by the neotropical epiphyte, Laelia rubescens (Orchidaceae). Selbyana, 2006; 27(1): 60-64.

82. Tremblay R.L., Zimmerman J.K., Lebrón L. et al. Host specificity and low reproductive success in the rare endemic Puerto Rican orchid Lepanthes caritensis. Biol. Conservation, 1998; 85(3): 297-304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00163-8

83. Tremblley R.L., Ackerman J.D., Zimmerman J.K., Calvo R. Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification. Biol. J. Linnean Soc, 2005; 84: 1-54.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00400.x

84. Trembley R.L., Castro-Velasquez J. V. Circular distribution of an epiphytic herb on trees in a subtropical rain forest. Tropical Ecology, 2009; 50(2): 211-217.

85. Watthana S., Pedersen H.A. Phorophyte diversity, substrate requirement and fruit set in Dendrobium scabrilingue Lindl. (Asparagales: Orchidaceae): Basic observations for Re-introduction experiments. Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ, 2008; 8(2): 135-142.

86. Werneck M.S., Espírito-Santo M.M. Species Diversity and Abundance of Vascular Epiphytes on Vellozia piresiana in Brazil. Biotropica, 2002; 34(1): 51-57.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00241.x

87. Weston P.H., Perkins A.J., Entwisle T.J. More than symbioses: orchid ecology, with examples from the Sydney Region. Cunninghamia, 2005; 9(1): 1-15.

88. Winkler M., Hulber K., Hietz P. Effect of canopy position on germination and seedling survival of bromeliads in a Mexican Humid Montane Forest. Ann. Bot, 2005; 95: 1039-1047.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci115
PMid:15767270 PMCid:PMC4246762

89. Wolf J.H.D., Flamenko A. Patterns in species richness and distribution of vascular epiphytes in Chiapas, Mexico. J. Biogeogr, 2003; 30: 1689-1707.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00902.x

90. Yoder J.A., Zettler J.A., Stewart S.L. Water requirement of terrestrial and epiphytic orchid seeds and seedlings, and evidence for water uptake by means of mycotrophy. Plant Sci, 2000; 156(2): 145-150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00246-6

91. Yukawa T., Stern W.L. Comparative vegetative anatomy and systematics of Cymbidium (Cymbidieae: Orchidaceae). Botan. J. Linnean Soc, 2002; 138: 383-419.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00038.x

92. Zimmerman J.K., Olmsted I.C. Host tree utilization by vascular epiphytes in a seasonally inundated forest (tintal) in Mexico. Biotropica, 1992; 24(3): 402-407.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2388610

93. Zotz G. Demography of the epiphytic orchid, Dimerandra emarginata. J. Trop. Biol, 1998; 14: 725-741.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000534

94. Zotz G., Hietz P. The physiological ecology of vascular epiphytes: current knowledge, open question. J. Exp. Bot, 2001; 52: 2067-2078.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2067
PMid:11604445

95. Zotz G., Schleicher T. Growth and survival of the foliose lichen Parmotrema endosulphureum in the lowland tropics of Panama. Ecotropica, 2003; 9: 39-44.

96. Zotz G., Vollrath B. The epiphyte vegetation of the palm Socratea exorrhiza - correlation with tree size, tree age and bryophyte cover. J. Trop. Biol, 2003; 19: 81-90.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467403003092


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2011 Studia biologica

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.