SELECTED ASPECTS OF DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A. Shuparskyy, Yuriy Furgala

Abstract


From the viewpoint of the evolution of computing devices and corresponding use cases, the article structures an information systems timeline progressing through early electromechanical devices, electronic vacuum tubes, solid-state and integrated circuit electronics, the advent of microprocessors, personal and remote computing, and distributed systems of numerous autonomous devices, while exploring different approaches to a digital representation of computational entities. By establishing the research scope and organizing scholarly sources chronologically, the article reveals and selects connections between individual events, provides an overview and critical analysis, and highlights expected future expansions and shifts in approaches to digital representation.

Thus, the article examines a shift from operations and operands, their further complication into code and data structures, and the transition from procedural to structured and object-oriented programming (OOP). Client-server applications implemented with static OOP and relational data management are examined as the pinnacle of monolithic architecture. The subsequent domain-driven design (DDD) and microservices architecture are examined as contemporary methods for remote cloud computing environments. The article then discusses the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), the emergence of smart things and digital twins, describes advanced and novel use cases of global digitalization, such as Industry 5.0 ideas, and reveals the limitations of extant methods for corresponding digital representation.

Ultimately, the article introduces a novel method for digital representation employing the post-non-classical paradigm in computer science, which eschews predefined structures in favor of dynamic, interaction-based representations, enabling flexible and adaptive design of distributed systems. Future research directions include the formal specification of this approach and the development of tools for its implementation in complex distributed systems.

Keywords: digital representation, solution architecture, programming paradigms, distributed systems, internet of things, digital twin, industry 5.0


Full Text:

PDF

References


  1. T. Collins, The Legendary Model-T Ford: The Ultimate History of America's First Great Automobile, Krause Publications, 2024
  2. J. Paxton, “Mr. Taylor, Mr. Ford, and the Advent of High-Volume Mass Production: 1900-1912,” Economics & Business Journal: vol.4 no.1 Oct 2012
  3. C. Akmut, From selling to ‘thinking’ the Machine: Pascal's intellectual trajectory, sociological aspects, osf preprints, May 1, 2020, doi:10.31219/osf.io/qfc5v
  4. Y. Serra, La machine arithmétique de Leibniz, OpenEdition Journals: Bibnum Textes fondateurs de la science Calcul et informatique, 2017. doi:10.4000/bibnum.551
  5. N. K. Tailor, “Charles Babbage's Mini-Computer - Difference Engine,” No. 0 IMA Bulletin, 28 (6), pp. 112-114, 1992
  6. A. G. Bromley, “Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838,” Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 196-217, Jul-Sep 1982. doi: 10.1109/MAHC.1982.10028
  7. R. Rojas, “Konrad Zuse's legacy: the architecture of the Z1 and Z3,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 5-16, Apr-Jun 1997. doi: 10.1109/85.586067
  8. P. E. Ceruzzi, The Early Computers of Konrad Zuse, 1935 to 1945, Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 241-262, July-Sep 1981. doi: 10.1109/MAHC.1981.10034
  9. H. Aiken, A. G. Oettinger, T. C. Bartee, Proposed automatic calculating machine, EEE Spectrum, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 62-69, Aug 1964. 10.1109/MSPEC.1964.6500770
  10. T. Sale, Lecture given at the IEEE 18th [Electronic Resource] Feb 1999, - [Cited 2024, 22 May]. - Available from: https://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/lectures/ieee.txt
  11. B. Copeland, The Manchester Computer: A Revised History Part 1: The Memory, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 4-21, Jan 2011 doi: 10.1109/MAHC.2010.1
  12. B. Copeland, The Manchester Computer: A Revised History Part 2: The Baby Computer, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 22-37, Jan 2011, doi: 10.1109/MAHC.2010.2
  13. 10. The Ferranti Computer at Manchester University, England, Digital Computer Newsletter. 3 (3): 4–5. Oct 1951
  14. 11. The Ferranti Computer at Manchester University, England, Digital Computer Newsletter. 4 (3): 6. Jul 1952
  15. J. W. Cortada, The ENIAC's influence on business computing, 1940s-1950s, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 26-28, Apr-Jun 2006. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.38
  16. M. Wilkes, What I remember of the ENIAC, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 30-31, Apr-Jun 2006. doi: 10.1109/MAHC.2006.41
  17. G. O'Regan, EDVAC and ENIAC Computers, The Innovation in Computing Companion. Springer 09, pp 113–117, Dec 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02619-6_23
  18. L. P. Tabor, The EDVAC, an electronic digital computer, Astronomical Journal, Vol. 53, p. 205, Jan 1948. doi:10.1086/106125
  19. D. E. Lundstrom, A Few Good Men From Univac, The MIT Press, 264 pp, 1987
  20. R. R. Everett, The Whirlwind I computer, Papers and discussions presented at the Dec. 10-12, 1951, joint AIEE-IRE computer conference: Review of electronic digital computers (AIEE-IRE '51). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 70–74. doi:10.1145/1434770.1434781
  21. C. E. Frizzell, Engineering Description of the IBM Type 701 Computer, Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1275-1287, Oct 1953. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1953.274301
  22. C. C. Hurd, Early Computers at IBM, Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 163-182, Apr-Jun 1981. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1981.10021
  23. IBM 701 Customers, IBM Archives. [Electronic Resource] 23 Jan 2003, - [Cited 2024, 14 Feb]. - Available from: https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_customers.html
  24. S. H. Kaisler, First Generation Mainframes: The IBM 700 Series, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 27 Feb 2018
  25. P. McJones, History of FORTRAN and FORTRAN II, Software Preservation Group [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 20 May]. - Available from: https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/
  26. S. L. Andresen, “John McCarthy: father of AI Intelligent Systems,” IEEE. 17. 84 - 85, 2002. doi:10.1109/MIS.2002.1039837
  27. Europe's first computer, NCUBE [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 22 May]. - Available from: https://ncube.com/tag/mesm
  28. M. Hally, Electronic Brains. Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age, Joseph Henry Press, Sep 23, 2005
  29. H. H. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princentoт Univercity Press, Oct 21, 1980
  30. R. Rojas; U. Hashagen,the First Computers. History and Architectures", The MIT Press, July 26, 2002
  31. M. Riordan, L. Hoddeson, Crystal fire: the invention, development and impact of the transistor, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 24-29, Spring 2007. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785574
  32. E. W. Pugh, L. R. Johnson, John H. Palmer, IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems, The MIT Press, Jan 1, 2003
  33. Weik, Martin H., A Fourth Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Jan 1964, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 11 Mar]. - Available from: https://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-m.html#MINUTEMAN
  34. M. Mattioli, The Apollo Guidance Computer IEEE Micro, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 179-182, 1 Nov-Dec 2021. doi:10.1109/MM.2021.3121103
  35. M. Kahn, The Beginning of I.T. Civilization – IBM’s System/360 Mainframe, Navigating Information Technology Horizons, 2001, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2023, 2 Aug]. - Available from: http://www-07.ibm.com/systems/tw/z/download/clipper_mainframe_at40.pdf
  36. W. H. Blair, The 360/91 and associated machines, Narkive Mailing List Archive, 2008, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 5 Mar]. - Available from: https://hercules-390.yahoogroups.narkive.com/ritmdhO6/the-360-91-and-associated-machines
  37. P. McJones, History of ALGOL, Software Preservation Group [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 21 May]. - Available from: https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/
  38. P. McJones, History of LISP, Software Preservation Group [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 19 May]. - Available from: https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/
  39. J. E. Sammet, The real creators of Cobol, IEEE Software, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 30-32, Mar-Apr 2000. doi: 10.1109/52.841602
  40. MVS JCL Reference, IBM Corporation, 2022 [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 5 Mar]. - Available from:https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/2.2.0?topic=mvs-zos-jcl-reference
  41. D. Walden, T. Van Vleck, The Compatible Time Sharing System (1961–1973). Fiftieth Anniversary. Commemorative Overview", IEEE Computer Society, 2011
  42. J. McCarthy, S. Boilen, E. Fredkin, J. C. R. Licklider, A time-sharing debugging system for a small computer, Proceedings of the May 21-23, 1963, spring joint computer conference (AFIPS '63 (Spring)). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 51–57, 1963. doi:10.1145/1461551.1461559
  43. J. G. Kemeny, T. E. Kurtz, Dartmouth Time-Sharing, Science 162,223-228, 1968. doi:10.1126/science.162.3850.223
  44. T. E. Kurtz, BASIC. History of programming languages, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 515–537, 1987. doi:10.1145/800025.1198404
  45. C. Paloque-Bergès, V. Schafer, Arpanet (1969–2019), Internet Histories, 3(1), 1–14, 2019 . doi:10.1080/24701475.2018.1560921
  46. G. Strawn, Masterminds of the Arpanet, IT Professional, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 66-68, May-Jun 2014. doi:10.1109/MITP.2014.32
  47. I. E. Sutherland, “Sketchpad, a man-machine graphical communication system. Thesis (Ph. D.)”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1963
  48. K. Nygaard, O.-J. Dahl, The Development of the SIMULA Languages, ACM SIGPLAN Notices. Vol. 13. No. 8. Aug 1978
  49. K. Nygaard, SIMULA--an extension of ALGOL to the description of discrete event networks, Munich paper, 1963, p. 520 [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 20 May]. - Available from: https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/cursos/LP/SimulaHistory.html
  50. G. E. Moore, Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Reprinted from Electronics, vol. 38, no.8, Apr 19, 1965, pp.114 ff, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 33-35, Sep 2006. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2006.4785860
  51. A. C. Kay, The Early History Of Smalltalk, Association for Computing Machinery SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 28, No. 3, Mar 1993, p.71 (printed p.6). doi:/10.1145/155360.155364
  52. M. A. Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age, Harper Business; First Edition, Apr 5, 2000
  53. P. Gethin, UNIX — Where it came from and where it is going, VINE, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 4-7, 1990. doi:10.1108/eb040438
  54. D. M. Ritchie, The development of the C language, The second ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL-II). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 201–208, 1993. doi:/10.1145/154766.155580
  55. D. M. Ritchie, The UNIX system: The evolution of the UNIX time-sharing system, AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 1577-1593, p.1578, Oct 1984. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x.
  56. H.J. Meeker, Introduction: How Unix Gave Birth To Linux, And A New Software Paradigm. In The Open Source Alternative, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. doi:10.1002/9781119197706.ch1
  57. E. F. Codd, A relational model of data for large shared data banks Commun. ACM 13, 6, 377–387, Jun 1970. doi:10.1145/362384.362685
  58. D. D. Chamberlin and others, A history and evaluation of System R, Commun. ACM 24, 10, 632–646. Oct 1981. doi:10.1145/358769.358784
  59. The Intel 4004 Microprocessor and the Silicon Gate Technology, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 6 Mar]. - Available from: https://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/cursos/LP/SimulaHistory.htmlhttp://www.intel4004.com/proto_calc.htm
  60. H. Garland, Design Innovations in Personal Computers, Computer, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 24-27, March 1977. doi:10.1109/C-M.1977.217669
  61. S. Wozniak, IWoz: computer geek to cult icon : how I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple, and had fun doing it, New York : W.W. Norton & Co, 2006
  62. G. Singh, The IBM PC: The Silicon Story, Computer, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 40-45, Aug 2011. doi:10.1109/MC.2011.194
  63. B. J. Cox, S. Naroff, Hansen Hsu, The origins of Objective-C at PPI/Stepstone and its evolution at NeXT, Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 4, HOPL, Article 82, Jun 2020, 74 pages. doi:10.1145/3386332
  64. B. Stroustrup, A history of C++: 1979–1991, SIGPLAN Not. 28, 3, Mar1993, 271–297. doi:10.1145/154766.155375
  65. T. Leimbach, The SAP Story: Evolution of SAP within the German Software Industry, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 60-76, Oct-Dec 2008. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2008.75
  66. D. Weisberg, History of CAD, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 18 Mar]. - Available from: https://www.shapr3d.com/blog/history-of-cad?utm_campaign=cadhistorynet
  67. A. Dunn, The father of invention: Dick Morley looks back on the 40th anniversary of the PLC, Manufacturing Automation, Jun 12, 2009 [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 22 May]. - Available from: https://www.automationmag.com/855-the-father-of-invention-dick-morley-looks-back-on-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-plc/
  68. E. Rabinovitch, The language Of The Internet, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 24-26, Feb. 1998. doi:10.1109/MCOM.1998.648750
  69. T. Berners-Lee et al, Creating a Science of the Web, Science Vol 313, Issue 5788 pp. 769-771, 2006. doi: 10.1126/science.1126902
  70. J. Meyer, Java Virtual Machine 1st Edition, O'Reilly Media; 1st edition Apr 11, 1997
  71. J. R. Hines, Virtual machines jockey for position, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 16-16, Jul 1997. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1997.609806
  72. D. R. Naugler, C# 2.0 for C++ and Java programmer: conference workshop, J. Comput. Sci. Coll. 22, 5, 1., May 2007
  73. N. K. Nghiem, SOLID, KISS, YAGNI and DRY Principles [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2023, 13 Nov]. - Available from: https://dev.to/nknghiem/solid-kiss-yagni-and-dry-principles-ie7
  74. K. Kontogiannis, G. A. Lewis, D. B. Smith, A research agenda for service-oriented architecture, Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Systems development in SOA environments (SDSOA '08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. doi:10.1145/1370916.1370917
  75. G. Strawn & C. Strawn, The Father of Supercomputing: Seymour Cray, T Professional, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 58-60, Mar-Apr 2015. doi:10.1109/MITP.2015.31
  76. E. Bugnion et al, Bringing Virtualization to the x86 Architecture with the Original VMware Workstation, ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 30, 4, Article 12, 51 pages, Nov 2012. doi:10.1145/2382553.2382554
  77. R. T. Fielding & R. N. Taylor, Architectural styles and the design of network-based software architectures. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2000. doi:10.5555/932295
  78. E. Evans, Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software, Addison-Wesley Professional; 1st edition Aug 20, 2003
  79. P. Jamshidi et al, Microservices: The Journey So Far and Challenges Ahead, IEEE Software, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 24-35, May/Jun 2018. doi:10.1109/MS.2018.2141039
  80. D. Shadija, M. Rezai & R. Hill, Towards an understanding of microservices, 23rd International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC), Huddersfield, UK, 2017, pp. 1-6. doi:10.23919/IConAC.2017.8082018
  81. A. Sill, The Design and Architecture of Microservices, IEEE Cloud Computing, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 76-80, Sep-Oct 2016. doi:10.1109/MCC.2016.111
  82. About devopsdays, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 20 May]. - Available from: ttps://devopsdays.org/about/
  83. M. Goliński & A. K. Golińska, Ruby vs. Perl – the Languages of Bioinformatics, Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 35 (1):143-155, 2013. doi:10.2478/slgr-2013-0032
  84. Yukihiro Matsumoto, From Lisp to Ruby to Rubinius, Workshop on Self-Sustaining Systems (S3 '10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 9. doi:10.1145/1942793.1942795
  85. T. Jenkins, The First Language - A Case for Python?, Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences, 3(2), 1–9., 2004. doi:10.11120/ital.2004.03020004
  86. P. Kwan, Why Scala matters: introduction to Scala programming, J. Comput. Sci. Coll. 31, 1, 108–109, Oct 2015. doi:10.5555/2831373.2831391
  87. J. A. Miller, J. Han, M. Hybinette, Using Domain Specific Language for modeling and simulation: ScalaTion as a case study, Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2010, pp. 741-752. doi:10.1109/WSC.2010.5679113
  88. FM. Giorgi, C. Ceraolo, Mercatelli D, The R Language: An Engine for Bioinformatics and Data Science, Life. 12(5):648, 2022. doi:10.3390/life12050648
  89. T. L. Staples, Expansion and evolution of the R programming language, Royal Society Open Science. V.10, I.4, 12 Apr 2023. doi:10.1098/rsos.221550
  90. A. K. Kakar, A Rhetorical Analysis of the Agile Manifesto on its 20th Anniversary, The Journal of the Southern Association for Information Systems, 10, 20-29. doi:10.17705/3JSIS.00030
  91. D. Øivind Madsen, The Evolutionary Trajectory of the Agile Concept Viewed from a Management Fashion Perspective, Social Science, 9(5), 69, 2020. doi:10.3390/socsci9050069
  92. M. A. Haque, A Brief Analysis of ‘ChatGPT’ – A Revolutionary Tool Designed by OpenAI, EAI Endorsed Trans AI Robotics, vol. 1, p. e15, Mar. 2023. doi:10.4108/airo.v1i1.2983
  93. S. Miller, Motorola Executive Helped Spur Cellphone Revolution, Oversaw Ill-Fated Iridium Project, The Wall Street Journal, Jun 20, 2009 [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 20 May]. - Available from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124546835819133721
  94. A. A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, Wiley-IEEE Press; 1st edition, Jul 31, 2003, p. 529. doi:10.1002/0471722243
  95. Sony Portable CD-i Player - The intelligent discman, [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 23 May]. - Available from: https://smallmart.nl/artikelen/vintage-computers/68-sony-portable-cd-i-player-the-intelligent-discman
  96. A photographic film producer develops the world’s first fully digital camera [Electronic Resource] - [Cited 2024, 23 May]. - Available from: http://www.fujifilm.com/innovation/achievements/ds-1p/
  97. Hiran, Kamal & Lakhwani, Kamlesh & Wireko, Joseph & Gianey, Hemant, Internet of Things (IoT): Principles, Paradigms and Applications of IoT, February 2020
  98. K. Ashton, That ‘Internet of Things’ Thing, RFID Journal, June 22, 2009
  99. N. M. Radziwill, The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Klaus Schwab. 2016. World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, Quality Management Journal, 25(2), 108–109, 2018. doi:10.1080/10686967.2018.1436355
  100. European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Renda, A., Schwaag Serger, S., Tataj, D., Morlet, A. et al, Industry 5.0, a transformative vision for Europe – Governing systemic transformations towards a sustainable industry, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. doi:10.2777/17322
  101. T. S. Kuhn, The structure of scientific revolutions 2nd ed., Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press Ltd. 210 pages, 1970. doi:10.5897/PPR2013.0102




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/eli.27.1

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.