STABILITY OF OPTICAL MARKERS ON IMAGES UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXTERNAL INTERFERENCES

Ihor Polovynko, N. Lipkovskyi

Abstract


This paper examines the influence of spatial changes and induced noise on the properties of optical markers applied to images. The programs, written in C# and Python languages, made it possible to apply optical markers to images using spatial, frequency and frequency-wavelet methods, to change the position of marked images and apply noise of different intensity to them, followed by reading the markers.

It has been established that the simplest and most accessible method of spatial application, in which the marker is visible on the image, is at the same time the most reliable in the case of various deformations and damages of the marked image. This method can be effectively used in the case of video product protection, where the very fact of its attribution to one or another trademark or owner is important.

The stability of the frequency method, which makes it possible to make an invisible marker, has been analyzed. This method, like the previous one, is resistant to image deformations, but even the simplest noise, which is Gaussian, can degrade the quality of reproduction. Moreover, as the intensity of the noise applied to the initial image increases, the quality of the reproduced marker deteriorates. It is shown that the frequency marking method can be used in information transmission systems in which the noise level does not exceed 3dB.

The stability of the frequency-wavelet method, which is based on the use of different types of transformation of the initial image and the image of the marker, was also studied. This method is the most reliable in terms of protecting video information, because before merging, the image of the optical marker was transformed using discrete cosine transformations, and the data of the original image - with wavelet transformations. It turned out to be quite resistant to image rotations. However, with the appearance of Gaussian noise, even of insignificant intensity (0.8 dB), the disappearance of the marker is observed. Despite the need to use low-noise communication lines in this method, it can be recommended due to a number of advantages, which include high protection reliability, the ability to process dynamic objects, and the ability to reproduce the marker without the original image.

Keywords: optical markers (digital signatures, watermarks), fast Fourier transformation, application of optical markers (spatial, frequency and frequency-wavelet methods), steganography, C#, Python.


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/eli.19.3

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