MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS WITHIN THE LAMIIDS OF THE FLORA OF UKRAINE
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.2002.886
Abstract
Background. The morphological diversity of fruits, including their gynoecial structure, has been investigated within the lamiid clade in the flora of Ukraine. The aim was to reveal distinct fruit features in this clade and compare them with other eudicots.
Materials and Methods. Fruit characteristics were extracted from numerous carpological sources. Gynoecial traits were also analyzed, including the number of carpels and ovules, ovary insertion, placentation, and vertical zonality. Carpological spectra were created for families, genera, and species of lamiids, and the species spectrum was compared with other eudicot clades.
Results and Discussion. Morphological features of the fruit were documented for 22 families, 163 genera, and 741 species of lamiids. With few exceptions, fruits are dimerous and superior, with synascidiate and symplicate zones in the ovary, often with intrusive placentas that divide the ovary into locules. Five basic fruit types were recognized within the lamiids: capsule, berry, multi-seeded pyrenarium, schizocarp, and one-seeded fruit. In Oleaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Rubiaceae, three fruit types were identified. The most widespread fruit types among lamiids are schizocarps (41.0 %) and capsules (41.9 %). The carpological spectrum of lamiids differs markedly from other eudicot clades (fabids, malvids, and caryophyllids), showing the highest proportion of schizocarpic fruits and the lowest proportion of one-seeded fruits (3 %). However, the overall rate of one-seeded enveloped diaspores in lamiids (fruits and fruit parts) is high (44 %).
Conclusions. These results align with previous findings on the narrow morphospace of lamiids in terms of gynoecium merosity, ovary insertion, and fruit type. Our data support the view of lamiids as a species-rich clade distinguished by the multiple origins of schizocarpic gynoecia and fruits, which split into four one-seeded semi-carpellary units. From an evolutionary perspective, lamiids of the flora of Ukraine exhibit intermediate-advanced morphological features of the gynoecium and fruit: superior syncarpous ovaries that range from multi-seeded to oligo-seeded, and a high proportion of capsular and schizocarpic fruits.
Keywords
asterids, carpological spectrum, capsular fruit, gynoecium, schizocarp, seed
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