UDC 582.32.042:581.961](477.83-25) BRYOFLORA OF THE “POHULYANKA” FOREST PARK (LVIV CITY). I. CHANGES IN TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION UNDER ANTROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION

The researches of the bryophlora of Lviv and its surroundings are known since the middle of the 19th century (the oldest dates back to the publications of G. Lobazhevsky (Јobarzewski JH, 1947, 1949), I. Cherkavsky (Czerkawski J., 1868), I. Krupa (Krupa I., 1885), in the first half of the 20th century, the research was continued by F. Lilien feld (Lilienfeldówna F., 1910, 1911, 1914), A. Zmuda (Żmuda AJ, 1911, 1912) and T. Visniewski (Wiśniewski T., 1923) [16, 30]. However, there is limited data for the territories of the forest park “Pohulyanka”, the majority of information was obtained from the herbarium material. In the Herbarium of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (LW) the bryological collections of H. Drozdowska (H. Drozdowska, 1939) remain unpublished. The Herbarium National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (LWS) and the Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (LWKS) have material from the second half of the 20th Biol. Stud. 2018: 12(1); 99–112 • DOI: 10.30970/sbi.1201.542 www.http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/journals/index.php/biology © 2018 Z. Mamchur et al.; Published by the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv on behalf of Біологічні Cтудії / Studia Biologica. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/ and Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 100 Z. Mamchur, Yu. Drach, I. Danylkiv ISSN 1996-4536 (print) • ISSN 2311-8783 (on-line) • Біологічні Студії / Studia Biologica • 2018 • Том 12/No1 • С. 99–112 century (A. Lazarenko, K. Ulychna, M. Slobodian, O. Vysotska, E. Lesniak) and modern (I. Danylkiv, Z. Mamchur, M. Rahulina). The aim of the study was to summarize the author’s, herbarium and literary information about the diversity of bryophytes of the forest park “Pohulyanka” and the Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Cheremshyna St.) was to study species composition of the bryophytes, the nature of the species substrate distribution, as well as to find out the pecularities of bryoflora anthropogenic transformation over the last 50–100 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field researches were carried out by traditional methods during the vegetation period between 2014–2017 during different seasons. All substrates on the territory of the forest park “Pohulyanka” and Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv on Cheremshyna St. were examined (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. The map scheme of the forest park “Pohulyanka” (Lviv city, 49°49′24′′N 24°3′54′′E) Рис. 1. Карта-схема лісопарку “Погулянка” (м. Львів, 49°49′24′′N 24°3′54′′E) 101 BRYOFLORA OF THE FOREST PARK “POHULYANKA” (LVIV CITY). I. CHANGES IN TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION UNDER... ISSN 1996-4536 (print) • ISSN 2311-8783 (on-line) • Біологічні Студії / Studia Biologica • 2018 • Том 12/No1 • С. 99–112 The work contains the material from our own field researches, herbarium samples of the forest park “Pohulyanka” bryophytes from the H. Drozdowska (LW) and other samples which we critically worked and other samples which we critically worked through, the materials of Herbarium (LWS, LWKS), as well as literary data [1; 2; 25; 31; 32]. Sampling and analysis of the material was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Latin names of taxa were given by M. Boiko (2014) [5]. The territory that we research was “Pohulyanka”, located in Lychakivsky district of Lviv, as well as the adjoining area of the Botanical Gardens of Ivan Franko Lviv National University on Cheremshyna Street. The forest park “Pohulyanka” is located in the south-eastern part of the city, on the rising of the Davydiv Ridge. The territory of this forest park has undergone significant changes over the centuries. It has been known from the seventeenth century that this area was an apiary for Lviv burgomaster Jan Atalmayer. The following century, a lawyer Frantsishek Venglinsky bought an estate in the park, besides constructing his Villa “Pohulyanka”, he started to plant and grow a beech tree forest on the neighbouring hilly areas which he named Venglinsky forest till the XXth century. Later on, the restaurant, brickyard and wine factory were built. Since the XVth century a large number of water sources made Pohulyanka the main supply of water to the city. In the 1930s, of the forest park “Pohulyanka” looked like an overgrown forest, due to the fact that large areas of land belonged to private owners where access was prohibited. The city park plans and layout began to be arranged in 1940 – part of the forest was uprooted and lawns were formed. In the valley below three small reservoirs were made, this became a central axis of the park [15]. In one of these small reservoirs Poltva (Pasica) begins, it had particularly clean water and was named the Silver Flow due to this. In 1940s from the main river three ponds were created [15]. In the 60s–70s, the eastern outskirts of the forest park were built up with high residential buildings, and in the 70s Pohulyanka was reconstructed. In particular, a network of paths was created for the discerning walker and areas for families to enjoy picnics. It was declared a public park in the nineteenth century and since 1972 has the status of a local garden park heritage, which occupies 129 hectares now. The main plantings in the park are beech and hornbeam, some types of birch and maple trees also occur here [15]. The Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv is adjacent to the forest park “Pohulyanka”, It was created in 1911 on the place of the former Cetne rivka ornamental garden on a complex relief. The Botanical garden contained slopes, raised plateau and a swampy valley with a pond. Subsequently, in the postwar period, the Botanical garden was increased in size, sandy slopes where introduced which were covered with herbs and shrubs, beech, hornbeam and oak trees were introduced in greater quantities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In general, the list of the area “Pohulyanka” bryophytes based on our research, on the materials of the Herbarium (LW, LWS, LWKS) and literary sources [1; 2; 25; 32; 33] consists of 143 species of two divisions (Marchantiophyta, Bryophyta), 36 families and 79 genera (Table 1). The best represented families (Brachytheciaceae Schimp. – 17 species, Pottiaceae Schimp. – 16, Mniaceae Schwägr. – 12, Orthotrichaceae Arn. – 10, Bryaceae Schwägr. – 9, Hypnaceae Schimp. – 9, Amblystegiaceae Kindb. – 8, Polytrichaceae Schwägr. – 7, Plagiotheciaceae (Broth.) Fleisch. – 7, Dicranaceae Schimp. – 4, Funariaceae Schwägr. – 4, 102 Z. Mamchur, Yu. Drach, I. Danylkiv ISSN 1996-4536 (print) • ISSN 2311-8783 (on-line) • Біологічні Студії / Studia Biologica • 2018 • Том 12/No1 • С. 99–112 Hylocomiaceae M. Fleisch. – 4, Thuidiaceae Schimp. – 4 species) comprise 111 species (77.6 %). In genera spectrum of bryophytes, the number one species belong to genus Orthotrichum Hedw. – 9, Plagiothecium Schimp. – 7, Brachythecium Schimp. – 5, Mnium Hedw. – 5, Plagiomnium T. Kop. – 5, Ptychostomum Hornsch. – 5, Tortula Hedw. – 5, Bryum Hedw. – 4, Hypnum Hedw. – 4, Polytrichum Hedw. – 4) – 53 species (37 %). Table 1. The taxonomic composition of bryoflora of the forest park “Pohulyanka” (Lviv city) Таблиця 1. Таксономічний склад бріофлори лісопарку “Погулянка” (м. Львів) Taxon Family Genus Species MARCHANTIOPHYTA 8 8 8 MARCHANTIOPSIDA 2 2 2 Marchantiales 2 2 2 JUNGERMANNIОPSIDA 6 6 6 Pelliales 1 1 1 Metzgeriales 1 1 1 Jungermanniales 4 4 4 BRYOPHYTA 28 71 135 POLYTRICHОPSIDA 1 3 7 Polytrichales 1 3 7 TETRAPHIDОPSIDA 1 1 1 Tetraphidales 1 1 1 BRYОPSIDA 26 67 127 Diphysciаles 1 1 1 Encalyptales 1 1 1 Funariales 1 3 4 Grimmiales 1 2 3 Dicranales 4 8 12 Bryales 2 6 21 Orthotrichales 1 2 10 Pottiales 1 8 16 Hypnales 13 35 58 Rhizogoniales 1 1 1 As previously mentioned, the area of “Pohulyanka” has often undergone significant changes during the last century: 1) until 1940; 2) war and post-war period and the years of fundamental reconstruction (1941–1990); 3) modern period (1991–2017). Analyzing the changes in the species composition, we observe first of all the disappearance of liverworts from the families Cephaloziaceae Mig., Lepidoziaceae R. M. Schust., Pelliaceae Klinggr. (Table 2). The decrease in the proportion of mosses families: Polytrichaceae Schwägr., Thuidiaceae Schimp., Hylocomiaceae M. Fleisch. (Fig. 2) is observed. The least changes occurred in the families Brachytheciaceae Schimp., Pottiaceae Schimp., Hypnaceae Schimp., Funariaceae Schwägr., we observed an increasing of species number in some families: Amblystegiaceae Kindb., Bryaceae Schwägr., Orthotrichaceae Arn., Mniaceae Schwägr. 103 BRYOFLORA OF THE FOREST PARK “POHULYANKA” (LVIV CITY). I. CHANGES IN TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION UNDER... ISSN 1996-4536 (print) • ISSN 2311-8783 (on-line) • Біологічні Студії / Studia Biologica • 2018 • Том 12/No1 • С. 99–112 Fig. 2. The changes in the spectrum of leading families of bryophytes during the 1900– 2017 on the territory of “Pohulyanka” Рис. 2. Зміни у спектрі провідних родин бріофітів упродовж 1900–2017 рр. на території “Погулянки” 72 species (50.3 %) were for the first time indicated and for the researched territory. Eucladium verticillatum* was indicated for the territory of Lviv region. Among those bryophytes found during the century on the territory of the „Pohulyanka” forest park, no species were indicated that are included into the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009). Physcomitrium eurystomum (Lindb. Et Arn.) Sendtn. (Funariaceae) – is a species on the southern border of the European part of the disjunctive area. It is included to the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes Red ..., 1995) [22] under the category RТ (Threatened Species of the Region), in the Red List of Bryophytes for Ukraine, 2010: 3rd category (Boyko, 2010) [4], to the Checklist and country status of European bryophytes – towards a new Red List for Europe (RLfE, 2014) LC – Least Concern (there is a small threat, but the taxon can’t be included in the previous categories), [14] for M. Boyko, 2015 [6]. The species was found on the territory of the Botanical Gardens of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Ulychna, 1964). Among the “regionally rare” according to M. Boyko [4] 24 species are known: 11 for the Nemoral zone, 13 – Forest-Steppe. Rare for the Nemoral and Forest-Steppe zones are Acaulon muticum, Eurhynchium angustirete, Pogonatum urnigerum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, which were found only in the 50s and 60s. Leucobryum glaucum, which we did not find during the last period (Table 2), occurs very often in the collection of H. Drozdovska (Drozdowska, 1939). K. Ulychna mentioned it in 1977. The following regionally rare species have been identified for the first time in the past decades on the territory of Pohulyanka: Bryum subapiculatum, Diphyscium foliosum, Eucladium verticillatum, Fissidens exilis, Orthotrichum lyelli, Rhynchostegium confertum, Sciuro-hypnum starkei, Trichodon cylindricus. Three zonal geographical elements (boreal, nemoral and arid) and also a cosmopolitan one in “Pohulyanka” bryoflora can be identified. Bryophyte species, belonging to the nemoral and boreal elements, have suffered from the biggest losses in recent decades, but the proportion of cosmopolites increased. Although forest species dominate among the ecological-cenotic groups, a number of exactly forest species has disappeared: Herzogiella seligeri, Homalia trichomanoides, Hylocomium splendens, Mnium marginatum, Plagiothecium curvifolium, P. denticulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum piliferum, P. juniperinum, P. longisetum, Thuidium assimile, Th. delicatulum, Th. recognitum, including regionally rare Pogonatum urnigerum, Leucobryum glaucum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. 0 5 10 15 20 Funariaceae Dicranaceae Thuidiaceae Hylocomiaceae Polytrichaceae Plagiotheciaceae Amblystegiaceae Bryaceae Hypnaceae Orthotrichaceae Mniaceae Pottiaceae Brachytheciaceae Кількість видів 1991–2017 рр.

The aim of the study was to summarize the author's, herbarium and literary information about the diversity of bryophytes of the forest park "Pohulyanka" and the Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Cheremshyna St.) was to study species composition of the bryophytes, the nature of the species substrate distribution, as well as to find out the pecularities of bryoflora anthropogenic transformation over the last 50-100 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field researches were carried out by traditional methods during the vegetation period between 2014-2017 during different seasons. All substrates on the territory of the forest park "Pohulyanka" and Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv on Cheremshyna St. were examined (Fig. 1). The work contains the material from our own field researches, herbarium samples of the forest park "Pohulyanka" bryophytes from the H. Drozdowska (LW) and other samples which we critically worked and other samples which we critically worked through, the materials of Herbarium (LWS, LWKS), as well as literary data [1; 2; 25; 31; 32].
Sampling and analysis of the material was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Latin names of taxa were given by M. Boiko (2014) [5].
The territory that we research was "Pohulyanka", located in Lychakivsky district of Lviv, as well as the adjoining area of the Botanical Gardens of Ivan Franko Lviv National University on Cheremshyna Street.
The forest park "Pohulyanka" is located in the south-eastern part of the city, on the rising of the Davydiv Ridge. The territory of this forest park has undergone significant changes over the centuries. It has been known from the seventeenth century that this area was an apiary for Lviv burgomaster Jan Atalmayer. The following century, a lawyer Frantsishek Venglinsky bought an estate in the park, besides constructing his Villa "Pohulyanka", he started to plant and grow a beech tree forest on the neighbouring hilly areas which he named Venglinsky forest till the XX th century. Later on, the restaurant, brickyard and wine factory were built. Since the XV th century a large number of water sources made Pohulyanka the main supply of water to the city. In the 1930s, of the forest park "Pohulyanka" looked like an overgrown forest, due to the fact that large areas of land belonged to private owners where access was prohibited. The city park plans and layout began to be arranged in 1940 -part of the forest was uprooted and lawns were formed. In the valley below three small reservoirs were made, this became a central axis of the park [15]. In one of these small reservoirs Poltva (Pasica) begins, it had particularly clean water and was named the Silver Flow due to this. In 1940s from the main river three ponds were created [15]. In the 60s-70s, the eastern outskirts of the forest park were built up with high residential buildings, and in the 70s Pohulyanka was reconstructed. In particular, a network of paths was created for the discerning walker and areas for families to enjoy picnics. It was declared a public park in the nineteenth century and since 1972 has the status of a local garden park heritage, which occupies 129 hectares now. The main plantings in the park are beech and hornbeam, some types of birch and maple trees also occur here [15].
The Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv is adjacent to the forest park "Pohulyanka", It was created in 1911 on the place of the former Cetne rivka ornamental garden on a complex relief. The Botanical garden contained slopes, raised plateau and a swampy valley with a pond. Subsequently, in the postwar period, the Botanical garden was increased in size, sandy slopes where introduced which were covered with herbs and shrubs, beech, hornbeam and oak trees were introduced in greater quantities.
Among those bryophytes found during the century on the territory of the "Pohulyanka" forest park, no species were indicated that are included into the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009). Physcomitrium eurystomum (Lindb. Et Arn.) Sendtn. (Funariaceae)is a species on the southern border of the European part of the disjunctive area. It is included to the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes Red ..., 1995) [22] under the category RТ (Threatened Species of the Region), in the Red List of Bryophytes for Ukraine, 2010: 3 rd category (Boyko, 2010) [4], to the Checklist and country status of European bryophytes -towards a new Red List for Europe (RLfE, 2014) LC -Least Concern (there is a small threat, but the taxon can't be included in the previous categories), [14] for M. Boyko, 2015 [6]. The species was found on the territory of the Botanical Gardens of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Ulychna, 1964).
Three zonal geographical elements (boreal, nemoral and arid) and also a cosmopolitan one in "Pohulyanka" bryoflora can be identified. Bryophyte species, belonging to the nemoral and boreal elements, have suffered from the biggest losses in recent decades, but the proportion of cosmopolites increased.
The species Leucodon sciuroides is considered to be very sensitive to atmospheric air pollution (SO 2 ), and its disappearance was recorded in many cities [7; 18; 37]. However, it has recently restored its population in some areas [21; 36], or grows, like other epiphytes Anomodon attenuatus, Orthotrichum lyellii in relatively little disturbed ecotope [24].
Anthropogenic transformation of bryoflora also manifested itself in the fact that a number of bryophyte species disappeared as a result of indigenous vegetation changes. The loss of the corresponding ecotopes, first of all in rotten wood, has caused a relatively small variety of liverworts which is characteristic for many cities and urban parks [3; 23; 24; 29; 35]. Some species appeared due to on increase of some technogenic substrates, as well as the possible loss of competitors i.e. other bryophytes from the same ecological niches [16]. An increasing anthropogenic ecotopes number, in particular, stony which eventually is populated by bryophytes is a consequence of urban processes. For bryophytes this is manifested in a significant increasing of the part of the epilithic species [10; 19; 33].
According to the substrate preference, the highest number are the epigeic: 103 species (72 %) which most often settle in the naked soil (SO) -100 species, a very small percentage occur on sandy soil or gravel (SG) -12 species (8.4 %), among herbaceous plants on the soil (SV) -11 species (7.7 %) ( Table 2). Three species grow in water (AM) (2 %), epixylic species (WR) -21 (15 %), and 4 species among the last ones were found only on rotten wood. 55 species (38.5 %) were found on stony substrates, among them 35 species of epilithes were registered on the corresponding natural substrates and 45 species -on the substrates of artificial origin. In general, 9 species were found only on artificial stone substrates (6.3 %).
In contrast to the central part of the city of Lviv where 30 species of bryophytes [19] were found or to the ecotopes of the Lviv railways (41 species) [20], "Pohulyanka" is charac terized by significant bryophlora diversity, because natural and semi-natural ecotopes were preserved: the waterlogged places near the springs and the reservoirs, the slopes of the ravines, which hawe undergone much less recreational press and damage.