List of bee species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Lviv city (Ukraine). Part I. Families Andrenidae Latreille, 1802 and Apidae Latreille, 1802

© 2020 I. P. Skyrpan et al.; Published by the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv on behalf of Біологічні Cтудії / Studia Biologica. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org and Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. UDC: 595.799(477.83-25)


INTRODUCTION
Bees are one of the most important pollinators of many species of wild angiosperm plants. They are an integral component of many ecosystems. However, apart from wild plants, bees are also effective pollinators of many crops, orchards and ornamental flower beds on the farmlands and in the cities.
Research of wild bees in urban context started relatively recently [1]. Over the past two decades, numerous contributions on the implications of urbanization for biodiversity conservation have been published [10]. Most of the investigations show negative impacts of urbanization on wild bees. For example, the effects of pesticides, emerging pathogens from managed bees, climate change and land-use change are negatively correlated with bee species richness [2,3,6,7,9]. Higher diversity of flowering plants due to domestic orchards and ornamental flowers attract many polylectic species, but the abundance of oligolectic species could decrease at the same time. Urbanization often degrades nesting habitats for ground-nesting bees, but various structures like buildings and fences, can lead to an increase in abundance of cavity-nesters in urban habitats [2]. Each of these factors may have different effects on different species of bees [3]. Despite a large number of investigations, many urbanization factors that influence biodiversity and pollination remain unstudied [14]. So, such research is very important and topical today.
History of Apoidea research on the territory of Lviv Region. Detailed entomological studies of the superfamily Apoidea on the territory of modern Western Ukraine began approximately 150 years ago for the first time. Maximilian Nowicki [23] and Antoni Wierzejski [24,25] laid the foundation for these studies. Their work was continued by Jan Śnieżek who worked on bumblebees and bees generally [26]. But the most fundamental contribution to the development of apidology in the Eastern Poland and Galicia was made by Jan Noskiewicz at the beginning of 20th century. In his papers, the detailed faunistic composition of bees on the territory of Galicia, especially in Ukrainian Roztochia and Lviv with its outskirts (Ivano-Frankove, Yavoriv, Vynnyky, etc.) and the description of the insects's morphology and physiology were given [18 -22]. Significant research on the territory of Western Ukraine was also conducted by Hanna Osychnyuk [27][28][29]. However, she relied on Noskiewicz's data regarding the bees of the city of Lviv and its outskirts.
Among the recent investigations of Apoidea (genus Bombus Latreille, 1802) оn the territory of Lviv (and Western Ukraine in general), contributions published by Iryna Konovalova should be noted [8,11].
The current research of all Apoidea on the territory of Lviv is conducted for the first time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Lviv is the largest city in Western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall with total area of 182.01 km 2 . It is located on the edge of the Roztochia Upland. Lviv urban landscape is complemented and enriched with numerous parks and public gardens. There are over twenty parks and three botanical gardens.
The objects of our research were bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) that occur on the territory of the city of Lviv. We collected the specimens during the warm period of 2017-2019. We used the Moericke (yellow) pan traps and the entomological nets. Moericke yellow trap is a type of the attraction traps (insects are attracted by colour) [16]. We used pans of 18 cm in diameter and 7 cm in depth. Traps were filled with water and a few drops of detergent were added.
Also, we collected dead bees (mostly killed by traffic) along the roads. Besides, we analyzed the entomological collection of Zoological Museum of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (ZMD), collected during 2001-2016.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the research, 960 specimens of bees that belong to 106 species, 25 genera and 6 families (Apidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae and Melittidae) were examined. In this first part of our study, we review two families: Andrenidae (348 examined specimens) and Apidae (411 examined specimens).
The family Andrenidae in our collection is presented by 32 species from two genera -Andrena Fabricius, 1775 and Panurgus Panzer 1806 ( Table 1).   Most of the Apidae are listed in the IUCN Red List in the category "Least Concern" (32 species) and only one species (Apis mellifera) is listed as "Data Deficient". Xylocopa valga has a conservation status "Rare" in the Red Data Book of Ukraine [32].
Among the collected Apidae, five species are solitary and nesting in soil, one is solitary and nesting in soil or in rotten wood (or plant stems), one is subsocial and nesting in wood, 10 are eusocial and nesting in soil cavities or on its surface (except for A. mellifera, which nests in artificial hives or in tree cavities), 16 are kleptoparasitic species. Finally, 14 species (42 % of all collected Apidae) are polylectic, 3 species (9 %) are oligolectic and 16 species (49 %) do not need to collect pollen due to their kleptoparasitism.

CONCLUSIONS
The current composition of the bees' fauna of Andrenidae and Apidae within the city of Lviv includes 65 species. These two families are the richest by the number of species among all the six families that occur on the territory of Lviv. The family Andrenidae is presented by 32 species from 2 genera and tha family Apidae is presented by 33 species from 10 genera.
All species discussed above are native for the territory of Europe. The majority of them are polylectic (80 % of all collected Apidae and Andrenidae excluding kleptoparasitic species; 60 % in total, including kleptoparasitic species), and nesting in soil (96 % of all collected Apidae and Andrenidae excluding kleptoparasitic species; 72 % in total). The predominance of polylectic species which can forage on a variety of plant species was predictable since this group of bees is easier to adapt to the changes of environmental conditions.
The majority of the studied species are listed in two categories in the IUCN Red List: "Least Concern" -43 species (66 % of all collected Apidae and Andrenidae in total); "Data Deficient" -20 species (31 %). Only two species (3 %) are listed as "Near Threa-tened" (Andrena hattorfiana and A. ovatula). In addition, one species (Xylocopa valga) has a conservation status "Rare" in the Red Data Book of Ukraine.
This research can lay the foundation for further studies in this area.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express the deepest thanks to Mykola Skyrpan, Kateryna Nazaruk and Oleksiy Malovanyi for the help with the sampling of materials.

Сonflict of Interest:
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Human Rights: This article does not contain any studies with human subjects performed by the any of the authors.
Animal studies: All institutional, national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.