ECOLOGICAL AND ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS OF ROVE BEETLES (STAPHYLINIDAE, COLEOPTERA, INSECTA) OF SUBALPINE BELT OF NORTHEASTERN MACROSLOPE OF UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

Ecological and zoogeographical groups of rove beetles (Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Insecta) of Subalpine Belt of Northeastern macroslope of Ukrainian Carpathians. Studia The ecological and zoogeographical structure of rove beetles was analyzed in the biotope of crooked forest Pinus mugo Turra, 1764 of the Subalpine Belt of the NorthEastern Staphylinidae group is characterized by the presence of representatives of four classes of domination (eudominants, dominants, subdominants and recedants) within the biotope of mountainous pines. The representatives of eudominants ( Deleaster dichrous (Gravenhorst, 1802), Olophrum rotundicollе Sahlberg,1830 and Pycnoglypta lurida Gyll., 1813) and dominants (Emus hirtus Linnaeus, 1758, Tachinus elongatus Gyllenhal., 1810) groups form the centerpiece of the researched group. The groups of subdominants and recedants are characterized by a presence of representatives of 13 species and 6 species, respectively. As a result of analysis of ecological and morphological groups, it was revealed that the largest number of species belongs to a group of epibionts (58. 34 %), borers (28 . 14 %), cryptobionts (12. 51 %). A slightly smaller number of species belongs to a group of that combine peculiarities of both nutrition predators and mycetophages or saprophages. According most the belong to the Holarctic and Palaearctic types of the zoogeographical zones.

The ecological and zoogeographical structure of rove beetles was analyzed in the biotope of crooked forest Pinus mugo Turra, 1764 of the Subalpine Belt of the North-Eastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians. As a result of conducted study, the representatives of 24 species belonging to 19 genera and 10 subfamilies were detected within the biotope. The subfamilies Staphylinidae (25 %) which is characterized by the presence of representatives of 5 genera. The representatives of Ocypus genera (3 species), Atrecus, Emus, Philonthus, Quedius were identified within the studied biotope. Each of them was presented by the individuals of one species. A slightly lower number of identified species is typical for the Tachyporinae subfamily -5 species belonging to the three genera Lordithon (1 species), Tachinus (2 species), Tachyporus (2 species). Subfamilies Omaliinae and Oxytelinae are presented by the genera Pycnoglypta, Omaliinae, Olophrum and Oxytelus, Anotylus, Deleaster. A part of subfamilies characterized by the presence of the representatives of only one species equals 50%. This group of subfamilies includes: Oxyporinae, Paederinae, Pselaphinae, Steninae, Xantholininae, Olistaerinae that are represented by one species.
According to Margaleff and Mennicin a display number of the species abundance are rather high (4.19 and 1.60,). This aspect indicates a small number of eudominant and dominant species. Simpson index (0.09) indicates a significant diversity of representatives of subdomains and retsendents. The Berger Parker index is low (0.18) that indicates a minor quantity of representatives of the most numerous species -Pycnoglypta lurida (Gyllenhal, 1813).

INTRODUCTION
Staphylinidae is one of the most numerous solid-winged families on our planet. There are 83 thousand species of rove beetles belonging to 32 subfamilies of fauna. The representatives of this family were found in all types of the terrestrial ecosystems. They are common in the steppes, gardens, fields, meadows near the reservoirs, however, there are no water species among the representatives of this family. The representatives of Staphylinidae play a significant role in forest ecosystems where they rank second in numbers. The beetles-predators are widespread under the bark of trees, stones, forest litter, moss, silage packs, animal corpses, or under organic substances that are at different stages of the decomposition. The rove beetles are especially numerous and diverse in the forest litter [2,7,9,12].
One of the most important directions of modern ecology is the allocation of life forms or morphological ecotypes. Their analysis has become an applied method used by specialists in systematic groups of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. A system of life forms is used for the analysis of habitat characteristics [5].

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Studying the groups of rove beetle in the biotope of the pine-mountainous northeastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians occurred during a spring-summer period of 2017-2018. A research took place near the peak of Dovbushanka in the biotope of the curvilinear Pinus mugo Turra, 1764 at an altitude of 1600 meters above sea level 48° 42′ 50; 24° 37′ 44.
The material was collected using Berber's traps. On the territory of the studied habitat, 10 soil Berber traps were set (0.5 l plastic cups and 65 mm diameter hole diameter). Traps were located after 1 m and checked every 7 days. 4% solution of formalin was used as a fixator.
All collected material was remained at the Zoological Museum of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Precarpathian National University named after V. Stefanyk. The species identification was carried according to the indicators of Bei-Bienka and Lucid keys [1,15]. A division of species into ecological groups was done according to the method of V. Kashcheev [5]. Determination of a degree of dominance was carried out according to the method of H. Engelmann [3] For zoogeographical analysis and nomenclature of the identified range of species, a technique of K. Gorodkov was applied [4]. The species analysis and their distribution were conducted according to the Catalog of Palaearctic Coleoptera [6].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A group of rove beetles in the biotope of the pine mountains of the north-eastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians is characterized by the presence of representatives of 24 species that belong to 19 genera and 10 subfamilies. The highest level of the abundance of species is inherent to the subfamily Staphylininae characterized by the presence of the representatives of 5 genera. The representatives of Ocypus (3 species) genera, Atrecus, Emus, Philonthus, Quedius were identified within the studied biotope. Each of them was presented by individuals of one species. A slightly lower number of identified species was typical for the Tachyporinae subfamily -5 species belonging to three genera Lordithon (1 species), Tachinus (2 species), Tachyporus A display numbers of the species abundance according to Margaleff and Mennicin are rather high (4.19 and 1.60). This aspect indicates a small number of eudominant and dominant species. Simpson index (0.09) indicates a significant diversity of representatives of subdomains and retsendents. Berger Parker index is low (0.18) that indicates a minor quantity of the representatives of the most numerous species -Pycnoglypta lurida (Gyll, 1813). A structure of domination in the group of beetles-predators within the biotope of the pine-mountainous north-eastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians is characterized by presence of the representatives of four classes of domination (eudominant, dominant, subdominant, and retsedents). A core of this group consists of representatives of the eudominant class (Deleaster dichrous (Grav., 1802) and Pycnoglypta lurida (Gyll, 1813), which accounts for 16.46% and 17.69% in the group respectively), as well as the dominant (Emus hirtus Linnaeus, 1758, Olophrum rotundicolle Sahl., 1830, Tachinus elongates Gyll.1810). The sub-domains and retsedents classes account for 50 and 29%, respectively.
An important aspect for describing the relationship between insects and the habitat is the definition of life forms of their imago, makes it possible to analyze in detail the features of the biotopes. A concept of "eco-morphological" form in a broad sense reflects the morphological adaptation of organisms that ensures exploitation of their ecological niches [5].
The representatives of fourteen ecological-morphological groups that belong to three classes: epibionts, boreholes and cryptobionts are inherent for the biotope of the Pinus mugo Turra, 1764 north-eastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians.  The biggest role in this biotope belongs to the class of epibionts (58.34%) represented by individuals of 14 species forming a subclass of running. The most numerous group within this subclass is stratobiont (9 species 37.5%). The representatives of the stratohortobionts group are characterized by a lower level of species diversity (this group includes the representatives of 3 species accounting for 12.5%). The representatives of epibiont groups of running necrobionts and coprobionts are the least numerous within this habitat. The representatives of the species Emus hirtus L., 1758 that are often found in various groups of plant and animal remnants and less common in forest litter [9]. Epibionti running coprobionts include the representatives of the species Anotylus tetracarinathus Block 1799 common in horse and cow serum [12].
A significant proportion of species of beetles-predators belongs to a class of drill bits represented by 8 species. They amount to 28.14% of the total number and reffere to running and swallowing subclasses. The most numerous group is the piercing boreholes stratobionts including the representatives of three species that makes up 12.5% of the total number. The members of the species Oxyporus rufus rufus L., 1758 belong to a group of the mycetobionts that amount 4.17%. The individuals of this species are often found in the fleshy bodies of plate and tubular fungi in which the strokes from the inside of the cap are being gnawed [11].
In comparison to the previous group, there is a slightly smaller percentage 12.51% of the number of the cryptobionts in the biotope of the pine mountain subalpine zone of the northeastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians. This class includes the exponents of two groups. The group of cryptobionts running stratobion includes species of Atrecus longiceps Fau., 1873 and Xantholinus glabrathus Grav., 1802. The group of cryptobionts of the nurses of subcriminals includes members of the species Lordithon trinotatus (Erich. 1839). (Table 2, Fig. 2).
As a result of analysis of the trophic specialization of the identified species Staphylinidae, it has been established that the vast majority belongs to a group of predators. These are the representatives of 15 identified species that make up 65%. Such species as oligophagous and polyphages are found among them who are effective regulators of the number of agricultural pests. Much of the identified species belong to a group of the myxophages. Its representatives are divided into mycetofagus predators making up 16.7% of the detected species and predators-saprophages - 8  The lowest level of numbers is typical for representatives of groups of the saprophages, nematophages and mycetophages. Each of these groups includes one species Anotylus tetracarinathus (Block, 1799) and Oxytelus rugosus Fab., 1775 Oxyporus rufus rufus L., 1758, respectively. (Table 2, Fig. 3).  As a part of the investigated group of Staphilinidae, the representatives of six types of life strategies (violent, patient, apologenta, violent-exploratory, violent-patient, and patient-exploratory) were identified. The largest number of species belongs to the patient exploratory (7 species) and the exploratory (7 species) groups that amount to 58.34% of the total number. In addition, there are individuals with violent type of life strategy in the studied biotope. This group includes the members of such species as Emus hirthus L., 1758, Ocypus nitens (Sch., 1781), Ocypus olens (O. F. Mull., 1764) and Quedius transsylvanicus L., 1758. The studied group is represented by three species: Olophrum rotundicolle (Sahl., 1830), Omalium caesum Grav. 1806, Tachinus elongatus Gyll., 1810. The smallest number of species belongs to the violent-exploratory group. These are the representatives Ocypus compressus (Marsh., 1802) of species (Table 2, Fig. 4). According to conducted zoogeographical analysis, the Staphylinidae group in the biotope of the Pinus mugo T. 1764 in the subalpine zone of the northeastern macroslope of the Ukrainian Carpathians includes the representatives of 9 zoogeographical complexes covering the whole territory of the Palearctic. However, among the identified species there is one endemic species -Quedius transsylvanicus L. 1758. This species is characterized by low ecological valency and occurs in the highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The individuals of this type are vulnerable, their number is constantly decreasing due to the intensive growth of the anthropogenic load [10].

CONCLUSIONS
A group of beetles-predators habitats of the pine mountains is characterized by high species abundance. In the dominant structure, the Pycnoglypta lurida and Olophrum rotundicolle species prevail. In a spectrum of ecological-morphological groups, the representatives of a class of epibionts are the most numerous. Among the trophic groups, the most numerous are the predators. According to zoogeographical analysis, the biggtest number of species is characterized by the presence of the Holarctic type of range